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Phonological and Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Spelling
Syntax
Vocabulary
Morphology
Text comprehension
Written expression
Fluency
Phonological awareness is the ability to separate and manoeuvre the sounds of oral language. It is void of print, no letters are introduced, no sound to symbol correspondence is taught. Research has shown that phonological awareness is a key foundational skill in learning to read.
Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes, the individual sounds in spoken words. The English language comprises 44 phonemes, including sounds represented by letter combinations such as /th/. Phonemes combine to form syllables and words. Phonemic awareness is the foundation for spelling and word recognition skills. As with phonological awareness most phonemic awareness teaching is oral.
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